210-259

210 Cults, quasi, historical religions, tribal, folk and localised religions

Class here independent religions (as opposed to sects and denominations) other than the faiths enumerated between 220-290.

All specific religions may be further classified by adding notation following 20 in 201-209 – thus “the status of women in Australian Aboriginal religion” 217.945322

212 Anti religions, cults, quasi religions

Class works on “Cults” in general at 212.5

.1 Religious philosophy, Deism – Theism and similar systems

“Religious beliefs and attitudes attained through observation and interpretation of evidence in nature, through speculation, through reasoning, but not through revelation or appeal to authoritative scriptures”. Class philosophy of a particular religion at [-503]: e.g., Christian Philosophy 275.03 – class treatment of religious questions without reference to a particular religion with comparative religion (200-209).

.3 Anti-religions and Neo-paganism

.32 Rationalism (Free thought)

.33 Agnosticism

.34 Atheism

At this point class works treating rationalism, agnosticism and atheism as creeds in their own right. Class works on agnosticism and atheism in relation to religion(s) in general in 205.121(3/4) – in relation to a particular religion, with the religion concerned.

.35 Other creeds denying importance, relevance of religion

.352 Materialism

.353 Humanism (secular)

.355 Secularism

.36 Neo-Paganism

Class here revivals of beliefs and practices formerly extinct, as well as religions based on real and/or imagined beliefs and practices of the past.

For accounts of particular historical religions in their proper context see 214

.363 Satanism, devil worship, witchcraft

.365 Superstition, belief in magic, the occult

Class here works on the occult as a religion in its own right.

.37 Astrology and Numerology

.373 Astrology

.375 Numerology

.38 Spiritualism

.4 Personal religion

Class here religious (usually syncretic) beliefs of individuals not formally connected to any organised religion, nor (as a rule) claiming an independent revelation.

.5 Cults, ephemeral religion

Class here general works on “cults”. Carefully consider the author’s terminology – some widely used and quoted books on the subject of “cults” consist of a series of polemics against the religions of which the author disapproves (in at least one case, all except his own) – class this sort of thing with the religion of the author, at –16; thus a Christian work attacking other religions 271.6

Classification of a religion under this heading is not intended to be taken as a value judgement.

.52 “Alternative” and Syncretic religions

Class syncretic and other varieties of major religions with those religions – syncretic writings of individuals not claiming to found a new system at 212.4

.523 New thought

.524 New Age religions

.525 Course in Miracles

.526 Eckankar

.527 United Church of Religious Science

.53 Religions of Eastern origin popular in West (not allowed for elsewhere)

Class varieties of Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam etc. with those religions – also note that some other religions that could be classed here have specific numbers elsewhere.

.534 Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh

.535 Divine Light Mission

.536 Meher Baba

.538 Radha Soami Satsang

.54 Doomsday cults

For millennialism in general, or connected with a major faith, use 205.017, 275.017 etc.

.57 Scientology

.7 Secret societies and other quasi-religious organisations

.71 Gnosticism

Including Manicheism – class Gnostic and Manicheistic controversies in the early church at 272.721/3.

.72 Rosicrucianism

(Great White Brotherhood)

.73 Freemasonry

.74 Theosophy

.75 Anthroposophy

.77 Subud

214 Historical (“Classical”) religions

Class here extinct or dormant religions now mainly or entirely of historical interest. Strictly speaking, we are concerned here with particular religions – in practice we need to consider the various (native) religions of ancient Egypt, for instance, as if they belonged to basically the same system. Class accounts of several quite different ancient religions, some or all of them extinct, in historical context (say, a work on “Religion in ancient Rome” that included Judaism, early Christianity, the cult of Isis etc. as well as Roman religion as such) – under “History of religion” at 202.53

Class modern “revivals” of real or imagined old religions at 212.36

Add to the base number 214 notation following 93 in 931-939

for example:

.1 Ancient Chinese religion

Class ancient Taoism under 254, ancient, or proto-Confucianism at 253 etc.

.2 Ancient Egyptian religion

.3 Ancient Palestinian religion

Class Judaism at 260, Christianity at 270

.4 Ancient Indian religion

Class Hinduism at 220, Buddhism at 240

.5 Ancient Mesopotamian and Iranian religion

Including Mithraism. Class Zoroastrianism at 258

.6 North Western European Religion

.63 Ancient Germanic, Nordic religion

.64 Celtic religion

Including Druidism

.66 Ancient Iberian religion

.7 Ancient Italic religion

.76 Ancient Roman religion

.8 Ancient Greek religion

.9 Other Ancient religion

Class pre-Columbian American religions at 217.7 or 217.8

217 Religions of pre-literate people – folk religion

Class here “tribal” and “primitive” religions, especially those of indigenous peoples, as well as other unsophisticated folk religions. Strictly we are concerned at this point with particular religions - works including the religion of indigenous people (or other ethnic groups) as part of the religious and cultural fabric of a particular country or geographic region are classed under 202.6 – but in practice, as outlined at the manual note at 202.6 vs. 214/219, works on several different preliterate religions of people of the same basic ethnicity are often most usefully classed here, as if they belonged to the same religious system, even if this is not the case.

Class works including accounts of pre-historic religion, or dealing with religions of preliterate people in an historical sense, at 202.52, or, perhaps, under 214

Add to the base number 217 notation 4-9 from Table 2

for example:

.51 Folk religion in China

For “Folk Taoism” see 254

.6 Religions of Black Africans and people of Black African decent

Class churches, sects, denominations of world religions with a predominantly or exclusively Black membership with the religion concerned – e.g. Black Muslims at 282.794 (under Islam). Class general works on African religion, religion in Africa, at 202.66

Optionally (see manual note at 206.6 vs. 217/219) class here general works on tribal religions of particular countries or regions of Africa. (Prefer 202.66 – with only works on specific religions coming under this heading).

.61 Religions of countries, regions of Africa

Add to base number 217.61 notation following 6 in table 2 – unless the above option is applied – use this number for specific religions only.

.62 Black African Religions (not covered below) of people of non-African countries

Add to base number 217.62 notation from table 2 – use this number for specific religions only.

.63 Particular Religions

.632 Umbanda

.633 Candomblé

.634 Santeria

.635 Voodooism

.636 Ras Tafari movement

.7 Religion of native North Americans

.8 Religion of native South Americans

.94 Religion of indigenous Australians

.95 Tribal religions of Melanesia and New Guinea

.96 Polynesian and Micronesian religions

219 Ethnic and localised religions

Class here more “sophisticated” religions, other than those specifically listed in 220-299, that have an essentially local or ethnic membership.

Class works on more than one religion from a particular country in 202.6

Class religions that have a recognised or avowed connection with a major (“world”) religion with that religion, no matter how unorthodox they may be.

To place a religion, add to the base number 219 notation following -9 from Table 5, followed by a Cutter number – for example.

[.54 Tibetan religions]

Class works on more than one religion from or in Tibet at 202.6515 – do not use 219.54 on its own.

For Tibetan Buddhism see 242.763

.54.B4 Bon

220 Hinduism

Class encyclopaedias and other comprehensive works on Hinduism at 220. Class works on Indian religions in general – or Hinduism and its derivatives, NOT at 220 or 230, but at 202.654.

General division of this subject follows the pattern set by 201-209; in fact much of the following refers to subjects NOT applying to other religions, or applying to other religions in a different way. A subject not specifically enumerated below, applying to Hinduism, and occurring in 201-209 should be built by adding to the base number 22 notation following 20 in 201-209.

221 General introductions, apologetics, comparisons

.3 General Introductions to Hinduism

.4 Value of Hinduism

Including apologetics for Hinduism and general polemics against Hinduism.

.6 Hinduism compared with or related to other religions

Add to the base number 221.6 the notation following 2 in 200 that serves to define the religion to which Hinduism is compared - (e.g.) Hinduism and Islam 221.68 .

Include here Hindu polemics against other religions – other religions considered or discussed in the light of Hinduism, and works on relations between Hindus and members of other religions.

.7 Hinduism compared or opposed to other (secular) subjects

Add to the base number 221.7 the Dewey number for the subject concerned (without trailing zeros or decimal points) e.g. “Hinduism and science” 221.75

Do not use a number at this point without considering the scope note at 201.7

222 Historical and geographical treatment of Hinduism

.5 General history of Hinduism

Class history of a topic with that topic – e.g. history of Hindu scripture is classed at 224.19

.51 Earliest period (pre 1000 B.C.)

Class here Vedic religion

. 6 Hinduism in particular countries (other than India)

Add to the base number 222.6 notation 4-9 from Table 2, (e.g.) Hinduism in Australia 222.694 Do not use 222.654 (Hinduism in India) – class in 220 or 222.5

.7 Hindu denominations, sects etc.

Class works on Hindu fundamentalism (regardless of sect) at 225.017

.74 Older Hindu sects

.743 Vishnuism

.74 35 Hare Krishna movement

.74 4 Shivaism

.74 43 Lingayats

.74 5 Shaktaism

.74 6 Ganapataism

.74 7 Shanmukaism

.74 8 Sauraism

.76 Ramakrishna Movement

.78 Reform Hinduism

.78 3 Brahma Samaj

.78 5 Arya-Samaj

223 Hindu Religious Biography

224 Hindu Sources (Holy books etc.)

.1 Works about holy books and scriptures

Class works about particular scriptural works at the number for the work concerned

Where appropriate and applicable, add to the base number 224.1, 224.3 notation following 204.1, 204.3 - e.g. Commentaries 224.15

.2 General collections of Hindu scriptural writings

.3 Special collections

.4 Vedic literature

Class here Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas

.42 Rigveda

.43 Samaveda

.44 Yajurveda

.45 Atharvaveda

.48 Upanishads

.5 Puranas

.6 Mahabharata

.65 Bhagavad Gita

.68 Ramayana

.7 Dharmasastras

.75 Code of Manu

.8 Oral traditions, legends, etc.

.9 Other Hindu scripture

.93 Hindu tantras

225 Gods and spirits, mankind, ethics

Class here Hindu doctrine. For subjects not covered – but either included or closely paralleled under 205, add to the base number 225 notation following 205

.1 God, the Infinite, Prime Source

Class here Aditi, Vasudeva

.11 Brahman

.112 Vishnu

.114 Shiva (Rudra)

.116 Brahma

.2 Supernatural, divine and semi-divine beings

.22 Avatars (Incarnations of Vishnu)

.221 Matsya

.222 Kuma

.223 Varaha

.224 Narasimha

.225 Vamana

.226 3 Parashu Rama

.226 5 Rama, King of the Ayodhya

.227 Krishna

.228 Buddha

.229 Kalkin (the Avatar to come)

.23 Gods and goddesses (Devas)

.232 12 Indra

.232 13 Mitra

.232 14 Agni

.232 153 Varuna

.232 155 Ganga

.232 92 Ganesh

.232 95 Hanuman

.233 1 Bhaga

.233 2 Saraswati

.233 3 Shakti

.233 36 Kali

.233 37 Parvati Shakti

.233 38 Durga

.233 4 Bharati

.25 Spirit beings

.253 Ancestors, ghosts of the dead

.255 Gandharvas (Good spirits, Angels etc.)

.257 Neutral, ambiguous spirits

.258 Danavas, Dasas (Evil spirits, demons etc.)

.27 Saints, holy people

Class religious biography under 223 – Gurus, religious leaders under 229.6

.3 Humanity

Where applicable – add to base number 225.3 notation following 205.3 for subjects applicable to Hinduism and not enumerated below.

.31 Creation, purpose

.32 Nature of humanity, relation to natural world

.321 The races and nations of mankind

.322 The sexes – status of women in relation to men

.323 Caste – the relationship between classes and occupations

.324 The human soul

.324 2 Reincarnation, karma

.4 Principles, morals, ethics

Where applicable, add to base number 225.4 notation following 205.4

.6 Social teachings

For Hindu teachings on caste use 225.323

Where applicable, add to base number 225.6 notation following 205.6 – class here general teachings rather than laws – when in doubt, class under social law in 226.5

226 Hindu laws, prescriptions and proscriptions

Where applicable – add to base number 226 notation following 206 for subjects applicable to Hinduism and not enumerated below.

.1 General codes of personal, social conduct

.11 The Golden Rule

Including the Silver Rule. For adherence to the golden rule as a virtue, use 225.443

.3 Personal laws

.32 Conduct

.33 Diet

.35 Dress

.5 Social laws

.53 Theocracy, religious government

See note at 206.53

.55 Laws of family life

.57 Religious punishment

227 Hindu festive and holy days

.3 Diwali

.5 Holi

.9 Festivals connected with particular cults, temples

228 Hindu religious life

Class here spirituality. Where applicable – add to base number 228 notation following 208 for subjects applicable to Hinduism and not enumerated below.

.2 Pilgrimage and Holy places, objects

.21 Pilgrimage

.26 Holy places

.27 Relics, objects with sacred associations

.3 Personal Devotions

.33 Prayer

.34 Repetition of Holy Verses

.35 Reading, reciting scripture

.4 Ritual self-denial – fasting – asceticism – vows

For asceticism, celibacy connected with monastic or priestly vows use 229.53 or 229.63

.42 Sexual self-denial

.423 Celibacy

.43 Ascetic rules of dress

.44 Dietary self-denial

.443 Fasting

Class periods of fast in 227 – class dietary laws and restrictions at 226.33

.445 Extreme dietary self denial – fasting unto death

.45 Ahimsa (ascetic avoidance of taking life)

.46 Ascetic isolation, solitude, silence

.47 Voluntary poverty (including mendicism)

.48 Other physical austerities

.5 Meditation and mysticism, religious experience

.53 Meditation and contemplation

.533 Yoga

Including bhakti yoga, jnana yoga, karma yoga, kundalini yoga, raja yoga.

Class yoga philosophy at 181.45 – physical yoga (hatha yoga) at 613.7046.

.535 Trance

.54 Enlightenment

.56 Religious ecstasy

.58 Mysticism

.6 Other Mystic Practices

Class here general works on Hinduism and the occult.

.62 Religious healing

Class here spiritual healing, faith healing.

.63 Practice of magic etc.

.64 Exorcism

.66 Spiritualist activities (communication with the dead)

For spiritualism as a religion in its own right, see 212.38

.68 Divination, prophecy

Including omens, oracles. For prophecy enshrined in scripture, see 224.149

.69 Siddhis (Perfect abilities)

Class here ESP associated with Hinduism.

.691 Clairvoyance

.692 Telepathy

.693 Mind reading

.694 Levitation

.695 Astral travel

.697 Materialisation

.7 Hindu Religious education

.8 Worship and other public acts of devotion

Including individual and community praise of gods, communal and individual confession of sins, ritual purification, celebration of holy days, special occasions.

.81 Essential nature

.82 Order of worship, services

.823 Congregational prayer

.824 Reading, reciting, chanting scripture in worship

.83 Symbolism in Hindu worship

.835 Particular symbols and symbolic objects

.835 2 Mandalas

.837 Use of art and artefacts, substances in worship

Class Hindu art in general at 221.77 – or perhaps in the 700s

.837 2 Vestments and other special clothing connected with worship

.837 3 Furnishings and decoration in houses of worship

.837 4 Images, icons, idols

.837 5 Relics, objects with sacred associations

.83 7 Use of fire and burning objects in worship (including candles, incense etc)

.84 Use of music and dance in worship

Class Hindu music in general in the 780s

.844 Singing

.846 Instrumental music in Hindu worship

.848 Dance in Hindu worship

.85 Celebration of particular occasions

.852 Rites of passage

Including ceremonies for naming, initiation, coming of age etc.

.853 Weddings

.854 3 Funerals

.854 37 Suttee

.857 Celebration of feasts, holy days etc.

.86 Rites of purification, absolution

.88 Other rites and rituals

.9 Charity, donations to Hindu institutions.

Class here almsgiving. For charity, generosity as virtues, use 225.434

229 Hindu institutions and organisations, administration

Where applicable – add to base number 229 notation following 209 for subjects applicable to Hinduism and not enumerated below.

.03 Directories

.06 Statistics

.1 General Administrative Topics

.2 Administrative Centres and Houses of Worship

.25 Local centres, communities

.26 Temples

For Temples as places for pilgrimage – class under 228.26

.3 Administrative Institutions

.4 Clubs, societies etc.

.5 Monasticism - monasteries and convents

.6 Religious leadership - priesthood, priestly duties

.8 Missionary activities, etc.

This table for Hinduism is evidently far from comprehensive – if it were ever to be applied to a library located in India, or specialising in material on the Hindu religion, it would need considerable extension, although this could be very well accommodated within the existing outline.

232 Jainism

Class encyclopaedias and other comprehensive works on Jainism at 232. Class works on Indian religions in general, NOT at 220 or 230, but at 202.654.

General division of this subject follows the pattern set by 201-209. A subject not specifically enumerated below, and occurring in 201-209 should be built by adding to the base number 232 notation following 20 in 201-209. Comparison with divisions of 220 (Hinduism) may also prove helpful.

.1 General introductions, apologetics, comparisons

.2 Historical and geographic treatment

.27 Sects and reform movements

.274 Svetambara

.275 Digambara

.3 Personages – religious biography

.4 Sources (holy books etc.)

.44 Jaina Agama

.5 Conception of deity, ethical core, principles (theology)

.6 Laws, prescriptions and proscriptions

.7 Calendars, festive and holy days

.8 Religious life and practice

.9 Institutions, administration

238 Sikhism

Class encyclopaedias and other comprehensive works on Sikhism at 238. Class works on Indian religions in general, NOT at 220, but at 202.654.

.1 General introductions, apologetics, comparisons

.2 Historical and geographic treatment

.3 Personages – religious biography

.31 The Ten Founding Gurus

Use 238.521 for station of founding Gurus

.4 Sources (holy books etc.)

.44 Granth Sahib

.5 Conception of deity, ethical core, principles (theology)

.6 Laws, prescriptions and proscriptions

.7 Calendars, festive and holy days

.8 Religious life and practice

.9 Institutions, administration

Common sense dictates that 232.2654 and 238.2654 (Jainism and Sikhism in India) are fairly meaningless headings – simply use 232 or 238.

The above sections both badly need expanding – although current Dewey 21 gives even less specific detail! In practice most likely subject headings can be built – e.g. Jain Ahimsa 232.845

240 Buddhism

Class encyclopaedias and other comprehensive works on Buddhism at 240. Class works on Indian religions in general at 202.654.

General division of this subject follows the pattern set by 201-209; in fact the bulk of the following refers to subjects NOT applying to other religions, or applying to other religions in a different way. A subject not specifically enumerated below, and occurring in 201-209 should be built by adding to the base number 24 notation following 20 in 201-209.

241 General introductions, apologetics, comparisons

.3 General Introductions to Buddhism

.4 Value of Buddhism

Including apologetics for Buddhism and general polemics against Buddhism.

.6 Buddhism compared with or related to other religions

Add to the base number 241.6 the notation following 2 in 200 that serves to define the religion to which Buddhism is compared - (e.g.) Buddhism and Taoism 241.635 .

Include here other religions considered or discussed in the light of Buddhism, and works on relations between Buddhists and members of other religions.

.7 Buddhism compared or opposed to other (secular) subjects

Add to the base number 241.7 the Dewey number for the subject concerned (without trailing zeros or decimal points). For instance, Buddhism and science 241.75

Do not use a number at this point without considering the scope note at 201.7

242 Historical and geographical treatment of Buddhism

.5 General history of Buddhism

Class history of a topic with that topic – e.g. history of Buddhist scripture is classed under 244

.6 Buddhism in particular countries

Add to the base number 242.6 notation 4-9 from Table 2, (e.g.) Buddhism in Australia 242.694

.7 Buddhist denominations, sects etc.

.74 Theravada (Southern, Hinayana) Buddhism

.743 Mahasanghika

.745 Saravastivada

.747 Sautrantika

.76 Mahayana (Northern) Buddhism

.762 5 Madhyamika

.762 7 Yogacara (Vijnana)

.763 Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism)

.764 Tantric Buddhism

.765 Pure Land Sects

.766 Zen (Ch’an)

.766 3 Rinzai

.766 5 Soto

.767 3 Nichiren Shoshu

.767 5 Soka Gakkai

243 Buddhist Religious Biography

.1 Gautama Buddha

For works on the station of the Buddha, other Buddhas etc. see 245.21

.3 Other major Buddhist teachers

.4 Buddhist saints, major leaders

.5 Buddhist monks, nuns

.6 Other Buddhist religious leaders

.9 Other prominent Buddhists, students of Buddhism

244 Buddhist Sources (Holy books etc.)

Class sources of particular sects not recognised as scripture by other Buddhists with those sects – e.g. class Zen writings at 242.7664. Scripture accepted by Mahayanists in general is however classed at 244.5

.1 Works about Buddhist holy books and scriptures

Class works about particular scriptural works at the number for the work concerned

Where appropriate and applicable, add to the base numbers 244.1, 244.3 notation following 204.1, 204.3 - e.g. Commentaries 244.15

.2 General collections of Buddhist Scriptural writings

.3 Special collections

.4 Buddhist scripture sacred to both Theravadins and Mahayanists

.42 Vinayapitaka

.43 Sutrapitaka

.432 Khuddakanikaya

.432 2 Dhammapada

.435 Jatakas

.44 Abhidharmapitaka

.5 Scripture sacred only to Mahayanists

.6 Buddhist tantras

.7 Laws and decisions

.8 Oral Traditions

245 Gods and spirits, mankind, ethics

Class here Buddhist doctrine. For subjects not covered – but either included or closely paralleled under 205, add to the base number 245 notation following 205. The following is a selection of possible headings constructed on this principle.

.21 Buddhas

Class works specifically on Gautama Buddha at 243.1

.23 Gods etc.

For gods, heroes either equivalent to, or reminiscent of Hindu Gods – add to the base number 245.23 numbers following 225.23 – for example “Monkey” is a Buddhist equivalent of Hanuman and can take the number 245.23295

.25 Spirit beings

.253 Ancestors, ghosts of the dead

.255 Good spirits, Angels etc.

.257 Neutral, ambiguous spirits

.258 Evil spirits, demons etc.

.27 Saints, holy people

Class religious biography under 243 – Gurus, religious leaders under 249.6

.3 Humanity

Where applicable – add to base number 245.3 notation following 205.3 for subjects applicable to Buddhism and not enumerated below.

.31 Creation, purpose

.32 Nature of humanity, relation to natural world

.324 The human soul

.324 2 Reincarnation, karma

.34 Salvation

.342 Good and evil

.349 Nirvana

.4 Principles, morals, ethics

Where applicable – add to base number 245.4 notation following 205.4

.6 Social teachings

Where applicable – add to base number 245.6 notation following 205.6 – class here general teachings rather than laws – when in doubt, class under social law in 246

246 Laws, prescriptions and proscriptions

Where applicable – add to base number 246 notation following 206 for subjects applicable to Buddhism and not enumerated below. Class scriptural sources of law in 244.

.1 General codes of personal, social conduct

.11 The Golden Rule

Including the Silver Rule. For adherence to the golden rule as a virtue, use 245.443

.14 The Noble Truths

.148 The Noble Eightfold Path

Class here general works only – for elements of the Path, see specific place.

.3 Personal laws

.32 Conduct

.33 Diet

.35 Dress

.5 Social laws

.53 Theocracy, religious government

See note at 206.53

.55 Laws of family life

.57 Religious punishment

247 Buddhist festive and holy days

248 Buddhist religious life

Class here spirituality. Where applicable – add to base number 248 notation following 208 for subjects applicable to Buddhism and not enumerated below.

.2 Pilgrimage and Holy places, objects

.21 Pilgrimage

.26 Holy places

.27 Relics, objects with sacred associations

.3 Personal Devotions

.33 Prayer

.336 Devices and aids to prayer

.336 5 Prayer wheels

.34 Repetition of holy verses etc.

.35 Reading, reciting scripture

.4 Ritual self-denial – fasting – asceticism – vows

For asceticism, celibacy connected with monastic or priestly vows use 249.58 or 249.63

.42 Sexual self-denial

.423 Celibacy

.43 Ascetic rules of dress

.44 Dietary self-denial

.443 Fasting

Class periods of fast in 247 – class dietary laws and restrictions at 246.33

.445 Extreme dietary self denial – fasting unto death

.45 Ahimsa (ascetic avoidance of taking life)

.46 Ascetic isolation, solitude, silence

.47 Voluntary poverty (including mendicism)

.48 Other physical austerities

.5 Meditation and mysticism, religious experience

.53 Meditation and contemplation

.533 Physical techniques and aids to meditation

.535 Trance

.54 Enlightenment

.56 Religious ecstasy

.58 Mysticism

.6 Other Mystic Practices

Class here general works on Buddhism and the occult

.62 Religious healing

Class here spiritual healing, faith healing.

.63 Practice of magic etc.

.64 Exorcism

.66 Spiritualist activities (communication with the dead)

For spiritualism as a religion in its own right, see 212.38

.68 Divination, prophecy

Including omens, oracles etc. For prophecy enshrined in scripture, see 244.14 9.

.69 Esoteric mystic practices

Class here ESP associated with Buddhism

.691 Clairvoyance

.692 Telepathy

.693 Mind reading

.694 Levitation

.695 Astral travel

.697 Materialisation

.7 Buddhist religious education

.8 Buddhist worship and other public acts of devotion

Including individual and community praise of gods, communal and individual confession of sins, ritual purification, celebration of holy days, special occasions.

.81 Essential nature

.82 Order of worship, services

.823 Congregational prayer

.824 Reading, reciting, chanting scripture in worship

.83 Symbolism in Buddhist worship

.835 Particular symbols and symbolic objects

.835 2 Mandalas

.837 Use of art and artefacts, substances in worship

Class Buddhist art in general at 241.77 – or perhaps in the 700s

.837 2 Vestments and other special clothing connected with worship

.837 3 Furnishings and decoration in houses of worship

.837 4 Images, icons, idols

.837 5 Relics, objects with sacred associations

.837 6 Use of fire and burning objects in worship (including candles, incense etc)

.84 Use of music in worship

Class Buddhist music in general in the 780s

.85 Celebration of particular occasions

.852 Rites of passage

Including ceremonies for naming, initiation, coming of age etc.

.853 Weddings

.854 3 Funerals

.857 Celebration of feasts, holy days etc.

.86 Rites of purification, absolution

.88 Other rites and rituals

.9 Charity, donations to Buddhist Institutions

For charity, generosity as virtues, use 245.434

249 Institutions and organisations, administration

Where applicable – add to base number 249 notation following 209 for subjects applicable to Buddhism and not enumerated below.

.03 Directories

.06 Statistics

.1 General Administrative Topics

.2 Administrative Centres and Houses of Worship

.25 Local centres, communities

.26 Temples

For Temples as places for pilgrimage – class under 248.26

.3 Administrative Institutions

.4 Clubs, societies etc.

.5 Monasticism - monasteries and convents

Class personal self-denial, fasting etc. outside a monastic context at 248.4

.52 Monastic Centres, monasteries, convents etc.

.525 Religious communities

.526 Monastery and convent buildings, abbeys

For monasteries, convents as places for pilgrimage – class under 248.26

.55 Kinds

.551 Solitary monks etc.

.553 Kinds of religious order

.56 Specific Orders

.58 Rules, vows

Add to base number 249.58 numbers following 248.4 (as in the following examples).

.582 3 Celibacy

.584 3 Fasting

.586 Isolation, solitude, silence

.587 Voluntary poverty (including mendicism)

.588 Other austerities

.6 Religious leadership - priesthood, priestly duties

.8 Missionary activities, etc.

This table for Buddhism is evidently far from comprehensive – if it were ever to be applied to a library specialising in material on the Buddhist religion it would need considerable extension, although this could be very well accommodated within the existing outline

253 Confucianism

Class encyclopaedias and other comprehensive works on Confucianism at 253. Class works on Chinese religions in general at 202.651

DDC21 seems a little confused as to whether to treat Confucianism as a religion or a philosophical system. While Confucianism may seem to be a religion in a different sense of the word to (say) Christianity or Islam (or, for that matter, Buddhism) treating it as a philosophy also raises difficulties. Preferred treatment according to this schedule is to treat Confucianism unambiguously as a religion, gathering all relevant materials under 253.

.1 General introductions, apologetics, comparisons

.2 Historical and geographic treatment

.3 Personages – religious biography

.31 K’ung Fu-tse (Confucius)

.33 Other Confucian teachers

.4 Sources (Confucian writings)

.44 Five Confucian classics

.5 Heaven, ethical core, principles (The Way)

.6 Laws, prescriptions and proscriptions

.7 Calendars, festive and holy days

.8 Religious life and practice

.9 Institutions, administration

254 Taoism

Class encyclopaedias and other comprehensive works on Taoism at 254. Class works on Chinese religions in general at 202.651.

.1 General introductions, apologetics, comparisons

.2 Historical and geographic treatment

.278 “Folk” Taoism

.3 Personages – religious biography

.31 Lao Tzu

.33 Other Taoist teachers

.4 Sources (Taoist Scriptures)

.44 Tao Te Ching

.5 Heaven, ethical core, principles (The Way)

.6 Laws, prescriptions and proscriptions

.7 Calendars, festive and holy days

.8 Religious life and practice

.9 Institutions, administration

Common sense dictates that 253.2651 and 254.2651 (Confucianism and Taoism in China) are fairly meaningless headings – simply use 253 or 254.

The above sections both need expanding – although current Dewey 21 gives even less specific detail! In practice, numbers for most likely headings can be built.

256 Shinto

Class encyclopaedias and other comprehensive works on Shinto at 256. Class works on Japanese religions in general at 202.652

.1 General introductions, apologetics, comparisons

.2 Historical and geographic treatment

.3 Personages – religious biography

.4 Sources (Holy writings)

.5 Gods and goddesses, ethics, principles.

.6 Laws, prescriptions and proscriptions

.7 Calendars, festive and holy days

.8 Religious life and practice

.9 Institutions, administration

258 Zoroastrianism

Class encyclopaedias and other comprehensive works on Zoroastrianism at 258. Class works on Persian religions in general at 202.655 – specific historical Persian religions are classed under 214.5

.1 General introductions, apologetics, comparisons

.2 Historical and geographic treatment

.3 Personages – religious biography

.31 Zoroaster

.4 Sources (Scripture, holy books)

.44 Avesta

.443 Yasna

.443 5 Gathas

.444 Visperad

.445 Vendidad

.446 Yashts

.5 Ahura Mazda, ethical core, principles

.6 Laws, prescriptions and proscriptions

.7 Calendars, festive and holy days

.8 Religious life and practice

.9 Institutions, administration

The above both need expanding – although current Dewey 21 gives less specific detail than this. In practice, however, most likely numbers can be built.